They say a supply chain is only as strong as its weakest link. That certainly proved to be the case during Covid-19, when local lockdowns had global implications on the movement and availability of goods.
Southeast Asia has been a major beneficiary of the resulting push for supply-chain diversification, but the risk of disruption is never far away.
Take the recent tensions in the Red Sea. Between December 2023 and January 2024, the cost of shipping a container from Vietnam to Hamburg, Germany, more than tripled. The knock-on effects include longer shipping time, lengthier working capital cycles, and higher funding costs.
The Red Sea crisis is only the latest reminder that businesses need to strengthen their international networks to withstand future shocks.
Against this backdrop, Southeast Asia has a historic opportunity to deepen their importance in the latest phase of globalization.
Short-term disruption to long-term opportunity
The pandemic laid bare the inherent vulnerabilities in international supply chains that had been building for years. The relentless drive for lower costs spread out suppliers in finely tuned “just-in-time” networks that, while lean, gave neither transparency nor the agility to adapt to shocks.
Without inventory, factories ground to a halt; companies struggled to meet orders after flights were cancelled and ships delayed at ports; and the inability of paper-based documents to reflect rapidly changing circumstances prevented the release of goods and froze trade finance.
Growing geopolitical tensions between China and the United States, the war in Ukraine, and the fallout from the conflict in the Middle East have only underscored the need for greater resilience in international supply chains.
One way to achieve this, which has worked in Asean’s favour, is to build more diverse regional networks that strike a balance between just-in-time and just-in-case.
Diversifying production across markets reduces the impact of any localized breakdown. And with a neutral role in global trade disputes, Asean offers an attractive investment and operational base in polarized times.
Based on the latest available full-year data, Asean accounted for a record 17% of global foreign direct investment in 2022, with almost 40% coming from the US, the European Union, and Japan.
There is also a push to rationalize supplier networks and source more key components from neighbouring countries, rather than the other side of the planet.
Businesses in the Asia-Pacific region are especially keen to reduce complexity. More than two-thirds planned to reduce the number of companies in their supply chains, preferring to build more strategic ties with fewer suppliers, an HSBC survey in late 2022 found.
Companies with shorter supply chains can better understand and anticipate the risks in business relationships, whether around sanctions, environmental, or social concerns.
It's why Australia, for one, is investing billions of dollars in promoting ties with Southeast Asia, including a US$1.3 billion fund to support trade and investment.
Expectations for exporters
Digitalization provides a strong foundation for Asean companies to build on their efforts to enhance resilience.
Asean has one of the largest digitally enabled populations in the world, with an internet penetration rate of more than 75% among its 670 million people. Revenue in Southeast Asia from online commerce passed US$100 billion in 2023 – an eightfold jump in eight years.
The region’s expanding network of instant payments helps businesses avoid lengthy delays in cross-border transfers and reduce foreign exchange risks.
More than three-quarters of businesses across Asia expect to increase digitalization across their supply chains, HSBC research shows.
Digitalizing transactions within their supply chains gives companies a wealth of data that can be used to improve access to trade finance, inform decision-making, optimize cash management, or identify efficiency gains. It also provides the accountability that multinational companies expect from their business partners. A digital trade finance solution can also help coordinate supply chain relationships by paying suppliers directly and keeping everyone updated on production and cash flow.
For digitalization to work, there needs to be a more united effort involving transport and logistics groups, supply chain and inventory managers, as well as banks and insurers, all working in tune with governments and regulators.
How these tactics and technologies come together will significantly impact Asean’s importance in global trade networks and the region’s economic growth trajectory. Whenever the next trade shock hits, nobody wants to be the weakest link.
Ian Tandy is co-head of global trade and receivables finance, Asia-Pacific, at HSBC.
